He Haumaru Ngā Rauemi Ārai Ahi? Ngā Āwangawanga Hauora me te Taiao

 

No te maha o nga tau, nga rauemi aukati ahi kua whakaurua pukutia ki roto i te hanganga o ō tātou oranga o ia rā. Mai i te pahuka i roto i ō tātou tūru me te whakamarumaru i roto i ō tātou pakitara ki ngā anga o ā tātou hikohiko me ngā kakahu i roto i ngā waka a te iwi, ka whakamahia ēnei matū me tētahi whāinga kotahi, he mea whakamoemiti: te whakaora i ngā oranga mā te whakaroa i te horapa o te ahi, te whakarato i te wā mawhiti nui, me te whakaiti i te kaha o ngā mura. Ko tā rātou whakamahinga he mea whakahau e ngā ture hanga whare, ngā paerewa tāonga, me ngā ture haumaru hua puta noa i te ao, ā, kāore e kore kua whai wāhi nui rātou ki te haumaru ahi. Heoi, he nui haere te kaha o ngā taunakitanga pūtaiao e whakaara ake ana i tētahi pātai uaua me te uaua: he utu kore e taea te whakaae mō tēnei haumaru ahi kua whakarei ake ki te hauora o te tangata me te taiao? Ehara te haumaru o ngā rauemi ārai ahi i te mea noa; he take maha-āhuatanga e rukuhia ana ki te matū, te paitini, me te pūtaiao taiao.

Te Matū o te Ātete: He Kaupapa Tuatahi mō ngā Ārai Mura

Hei mārama ki ngā āwangawanga, me mārama tuatahi ki ngā kaupapa matua. Ehara ngā mea ārai mura i te matū kotahi, engari he momo matū kanorau e tāpirihia ana ki ngā rauemi hei whakakore i te huringa mura. Ka mahi rātou mā roto i ngā tikanga maha: ka tukuna e ētahi te mamaoa wai ina werahia, ka whakamatao i te rauemi; ko ētahi ka hanga i tētahi paparanga waro tiaki e ārai ana i te wahie; ā, ko ētahi ka kohikohi i ngā rauropi kore utu i roto i te āhua hau, ka aukati i te horapa matū o te mura.

Ko ngā tautohetohe nui mō te hauora me te taiao i aro nui ki ngā mea whakaroa ahi halogenated (ina koa ko ngā mea brominated me te chlorinated) (BFRs/CFRs) me ngā mea whakaroa ahi organophosphorus (OPFRs). Mō ngā tau maha, ko ngā polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ngā mea nui i roto i ngā hikohiko me ngā pahuka. Ko tō rātou pumau matū—he pai mō te roa o te ora o te hua—te mea i raru ai rātou. Waihoki, kua whakamahia whānuitia te Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) me te tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) i roto i ngā pahuka ngāwari me ngā kakahu.

 

 

Te Ara o te Whakamārama: Mai i ngā Hua ki ngā Tāngata

Ko te āwangawanga matua mō ngā mea aukati mura tawhito me ngā mea aukati mura o nāianei ko tō rātou āhua ki te heke ki waho o ngā hua. Kāore rātou e herea matū ki nga rauemi aukati ahi Ka tiakina e rātou. Mā te pakū, te wera, me te tango hau noa iho, ka uru atu rātou ki te puehu, te hau, te wai, me te oneone. Ko te pānga ki te tangata te nuinga mā roto i:

1. Te horomitanga o te puehu: Ina koa mō ngā pēpi me ngā tamariki nohinohi e noho ana i runga i te papa, e mahi ana i ngā mahi horoi ringa ki te waha i ngā wā katoa. Kua tautuhia te puehu whare hei puna nui mō ngā aukati mura pēnei i te PBDE me te OPFR.
2. Inhalation: Ngā matūriki rererangi me ngā hau i tukuna mai i ngā hua kua tukatukahia.
3. Te kai kai: Ka kohia ake ētahi o ngā mea aukati mura pumau ki roto i te mekameka kai, inā koa i roto i ngā ika momona, te mīti me ngā hua miraka.

Nā te nui o te pānga ki ēnei matū, kua kitea ngā taumata o ēnei matū i roto i te toto, i te waiū ū, me ngā kiko o te ao whānui, ā, he maha ngā wā ka teitei ake i roto i ngā tamariki.

 

 

Ngā Āwangawanga Hauora e Puranga Ana: Te Whakararuraru i te Endocrine, te Paitini ki te Neuro, me te Carcinogenicity

He tohu whakatūpato kei te kitea te paitini o te nuinga o ngā mea ārai ahi. Ahakoa he iti te paitini nui i te nuinga o te wā, ko te tūponotanga tūturu kei roto i te pānga iti, mau tonu, e whakararuraru ana i ngā pūnaha koiora ngoikore.

• Whakararuraru Endocrine: Koinei pea te āwangawanga tino nui kua tuhia. Ka taea e ētahi PBDE, ā rātou matū hydroxylated, me ētahi OPFR te whai i ngā homoni tairoi, te whakararuraru rānei i a rātou. Ko te repe tairoi te kaiwhakahaere matua o te pākia o te tinana, te tipu, me te whanaketanga o te roro. Kua honoa e ngā rangahau mate urutā te pikinga o ngā taumata PBDE i roto i ngā wāhine hapū me te iti o te taumaha whānau, te iti o te IQ, me ngā putanga whanaketanga roro ngoikore i roto i ā rātou tamariki. Ka taea hoki e ēnei matū te whakararuraru i te tohu tohu estrogen me te androgen, ka pā pea ki te hauora uri.
• Te Paitini Whanaketanga Neuro: E whakaatu tonu ana ngā rangahau kararehe ko te pānga ki ngā PBDE me ngā OPFR motuhake pēnei i te TCEP i ngā wā tino nui o te whanaketanga o te roro ka arahi ki ngā ngoikoretanga tuturu o te ako, te mahara, me te whanonga. Kei te tautoko haere ngā raraunga mate urutā tangata i tēnei hononga, e kī ana he paitini whanaketanga ēnei matū.
• Te mate pukupuku: Ko ētahi o ngā mea ārai ahi e kiia ana he matū whakaputa mate pukupuku e mōhiotia ana, e whakapaetia ana rānei. I whakarārangihia a TDCPP hei matū whakaputa mate pukupuku e mōhiotia ana i raro i te Proposition 65 a California i te tau 2011. E mōhiotia ana hoki a TCEP he matū whakaputa mate pukupuku. Kua whakarōpūhia e te International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) ētahi ranunga PBDE he matū whakaputa mate pukupuku pea ki te tangata.
• Othertahi Atu Pānga: E tohu ana ngā rangahau i ngā pānga pea ki te pūnaha ārai mate, te mahi ate, me ngā ara pākia o te tinana pērā i te adipogenesis (te hanganga pūtau ngako), ka whai wāhi pea ki te momonatanga me ngā mate pākia o te tinana.

 

 

Te Pumautanga o te Taiao me te Kohikohinga Koiora: He Taonga Tuku Iho o te Parahanga

He rite te whanonga taiao o ngā mea aukati mura halogenated ki ērā atu parahanga rauropi pumau (POP) rongonui pērā i te DDT me te PCB. Nā te pumau o ēnei mea, kāore e tere te pakaru i roto i te taiao, ā, nā te lipophilicity (te āhua aroha ki te ngako) ka piki ake te koiora o ngā kiko ngako me te whakanui ake i te whatunga kai.

Kua kitea ngā PBDE i ngā rohe tūmatanui—te Ātiki, ngā moana hohonu, me ngā maunga teitei—he tawhiti atu i ō rātou pūtake, e haria ana e ngā ia o te hau me te moana. Ka whakapokea e rātou ngā awa wai, ngā paru, me ngā kararehe mohoao, mai i ngā ika me ngā manu ki ngā kararehe moana, ka taea e rātou te whakararu i te endocrine me te whakaputa uri rite tonu ki ngā tauira taiwhanga. Ko tēnei parahanga whānui he kawenga taiao mō te wā roa. Ahakoa kua rāhuitia ētahi o ngā PBDE tino raruraru, ko te tikanga o tō rātou pumau ka noho tonu ki te taiao—me te tinana tangata—mō ngā tekau tau.

 

 

Te Pendulum Whakahaere me te Raru "Whakakapinga Aroha"

Nā te pēhanga a te marea me te pūtaiao i ārahi te whakakorenga o ngā whakatakotoranga Penta- me Octa-BDE i ngā tau 2000, ā, nō nā tata nei te Deca-BDE i roto i ngā mana whakahaere maha. Heoi, ko te urupare a ngā ture i arahi pinepine ki tētahi āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te "whakakapinga whakarihariha". Ko ngā kaihanga, i raro i te pēhanga kia tangohia he matū morearea engari me tutuki tonu ngā paerewa mura (pērā i te Technical Bulletin 117 tawhito o California mō ngā taonga whare), i huri ki ngā matū rerekē kāore i tino rangahauhia engari he rite tonu te hanganga me te paitini.

He maha ngā aukati mura o te organophosphorus (OPFR) i whakakapi i ngā PBDE kei raro i te tirotiro nui inaianei. Ahakoa he iti ake te pumau o ētahi, kei te piki haere ngā āwangawanga mō ō rātou paitini, inā koa he paitini whanaketanga roro me ngā mea whakararuraru endocrine. Hei tauira, kua whakakorea te TCEP i ētahi whakamahinga nā tōna kaha ki te whakaputa mate pukupuku, ā, ka whakakapia ki ētahi atu phosphate kāore anō kia tino whakapumautia ō rātou āhua haumaru. Ka puta he āhuatanga "whack-a-mole" i reira ka puta he raruraru anō i te otinga ohorere o tētahi raruraru.

 

 

Te Arotake Anō i te Painga Haumaru Ahi: He Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Tino Hira

Kei te whakanui ake i te tautohetohe hauora ko te arotake anō i te painga tuturu o ngā tāpiringa ārai mura i roto i ētahi whakamahinga. E kī ana ngā kairīti, tae atu ki ngā kaipūtaiao ahi me ngā tohunga paitini, i ētahi wā—ina koa i roto i ngā taonga whare noho—kāore ngā matū e whakarato i te whakanui nui i te wā mawhiti i roto i ngā ahi o te ao tūturu. Tērā pea ka ārai i te huka o te hikareti e mura ana, engari i roto i te ahi kua tino whanakehia e ngā rauemi hangai hou, he iti noa iho te pānga. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e rātou te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga o te paowa paitini (tae atu ki te hauota waro me te pungarehu matotoru) ina mura, ka nui ake te mōrearea ki ngā kaipatu ahi me ngā kainoho.

Nā tēnei kua huri te tirohanga ki te haumaru ahi, mai i te whakawhirinaki anake ki ngā tāpiringa matū ki te huarahi "hoahoa haumaru ahi". Kei roto i tēnei ko:

• Ngā rauemi ātete mura tūturu: Te whakamahi i ngā rauemi pēnei i te huruhuru hipi, te hiako, ngā muka hangai hou ake rānei e ātete ana ki te mura.
• Ngā hangarau ārai: Te takai i te pahuka mura ki roto i tētahi papanga ārai tiaki hei ārai, hei whakaroa rānei i tōna urunga mai ki te ahi.
• Ngā paerewa hoahoa hua me ngā hikohiko kua whakapaitia: Te whakaiti i ngā pūtake mura me te hoahoa i ngā hua hei pehi i ngā ahi.

Ko te paerewa mura o ngā taonga o California (TB 117-2013) he tauira pai rawa atu, e āhei ai ngā kaihanga ki te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga haumaru me te kore e tāpiri i ngā matū aukati mura ki te pahuka, ā, ka nui ake te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o aua mea i roto i taua rāngai.

 

 

Te anga atu ki tētahi heke mai haumaru ake: Ngā mātāpono me ngā ara

Ko te ara whakamua me whai huarahi maha-taha e ahu mai ana i ngā mātāpono o te matū matomato me te ture whakatūpato:

1. Te Whakamahinga Hiranga me te Hoahoa Haumaru Ake: Me whakamahi noa ngā ārai mura ina he painga nui, he whai hua hoki mō te haumaru ahi, kāore e taea te whakatutuki mā te hoahoa pai ake, mā te whiriwhiri rauemi pai ake rānei. Mēnā e tika ana, me whakawhanake i te he hononga pūmua me whakarite kia matua ngā aukati tauhohe kāore e mimiti.
2. Te Tirotiro Paitini Matatau: Me tirotirohia pai ngā matū hou me ngā matū o nāianei mō te whakararuraru i te pūnaha endocrine, te paitini whanaketanga roro, me te pumau. i mua i kua whānuitia te whakatinanatanga, kua neke atu i ngā tauira tawhito e titiro noa ana ki ngā pānga ohorere, ngā pānga mate pukupuku rānei i ngā horopeta teitei.
3. Te Māramatanga me te Kōwhiringa a te Kaihoko: Mā te whakaaturanga katoa o ngā matū e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hua ka whakamanahia ngā kaihoko, ngā kairangahau, me ngā kaiwhakahaere ture. He mea nui ngā kaupapa mō te mārama o ngā kai.
4. Nga Ture Whakakaha: Me whakatinana pakari ngā ture pēnei i te REACH a te EU me ngā whakahoutanga ki te US Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) kia tere ai te whakawhāiti i ngā matū i runga i ngā tohu whakatūpato wawe o te tūponotanga, kia kore ai e roa te kino.

 

Opaniraa

Ko te pātai "He nga rauemi aukati ahi ""haumaru?"" kāore e puta he whakautu māmā. Ko te tātaitanga haumaru he taurite i waenga i te painga tūturu o te ahi, ahakoa he nui rawa te kōrero i ētahi wā, me ngā mōrearea hauora me te taiao mau tonu kua tino kitea. Ko te taonga tuku iho o ngā matū pumau, koiora-kohikohi, me te paitini pērā i ngā PBDE kua whakaako i tētahi akoranga utu nui. Ahakoa he rerekē te whakatupuranga hou o ngā aukati mura, e kī ana te pūtaiao hou kāore anō kia mawhiti katoa tātou i te huringa o te whakakapinga pouri.

Kāore te haumaru tūturu e takoto ana i ngā maimoatanga matū whānui, engari i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi atamai, te hoahoa hua atamai, me te anga ture e whakatairanga ana i te hauora o te marea me te taiao mō te wā roa, kaua i ngā whakatikatika mō te wā poto, ka tūpono pea he kino. Ko te whāinga he taiao haumaru-ahi e kore e akiaki i a tātou ki te hokohoko i tētahi kino mō tētahi atu, me te whakarite kia tiakina mai i te ahi me te kore e paitini i ō tātou tinana me tō tātou ao. Ko te wero mō ngā kaimātai matū, ngā miihini, ngā kaiwhakahaere, me te hapori ko te whakatutuki i tēnei taurite, me te whakakore i te pātai mō te haumaru o ngā mea whakaroa mā te auahatanga me te tirohanga whakamua.

Mō ētahi atu kōrero mō te haumaru o ngā rauemi ātete ahi? Mō ngā take hauora me te taiao, tirohia a DeepMaterial i https://www.electronicadhesive.com/ hoki atu info.